![]() ![]() Most other languages utilize at most two airstream mechanisms. In normal vocabulary, the various Khoisan languages have pulmonic, ejective, and click consonants the Chadic languages, some Mayan languages, and scattered Nilo-Saharan languages such as Gumuz, Uduk and Meʼen have pulmonic, implosive, and ejective consonants, and the Nguni languages of the Bantu family utilize all four, – pulmonic, click, implosive, and ejective, – as does the Dahalo language of Kenya. These mechanisms may be combined into airstream contours, such as clicks which release into ejectives. lexical) words in fewer than 2% of the world's languages, all in Africa. Clicks are regular sounds in ordinary (i.e. lingual ingressive, AKA velaric ingressive, where the air in the mouth is rarefied by a downward and sometimes rearward movement of the tongue.Despite the name, the airstream may not actually flow inward: While the glottis moves downward, pulmonic air passes outward through it, but the reduction in pressure makes an audible difference to the sound. Implosive and implosive-like consonants occur in 13% of the world's languages. glottalic ingressive, where the air column is rarefied as the glottis moves downward.Ejective and ejective-like consonants occur in 16% of the languages. glottalic egressive, where the air column is compressed as the glottis moves upward.All human languages employ such sounds (such as vowels), and nearly three out of four use them exclusively. pulmonic egressive, where the air is pushed out of the lungs by the ribs and diaphragm.Of these six resulting airstream mechanisms, four are found lexically around the world: ![]() These changes in pressure often correspond to outward and inward airflow, and are therefore termed egressive and ingressive respectively. Types of airstream mechanism Īny of the three principal initiators − diaphragm, glottis or tongue − may act by either increasing or decreasing the pressure generating the airstream. Percussive consonants are produced without any airstream mechanism. Though not used in any language, the cheeks may be used to generate the airstream (buccal mechanism, notated for tracheo-esophageal speech in VoQS). the tongue (lingual or "velaric" mechanisms).the glottis (glottalic mechanisms), and.the diaphragm together with the ribs and lungs (pulmonic mechanisms),.The organ generating the airstream is called the initiator and there are three initiators used phonemically in non-disordered human oral languages: The airstream mechanism is mandatory for most sound production and constitutes the first part of this process, which is called initiation. Along with phonation and articulation, it is one of three main components of speech production. In phonetics, the airstream mechanism is the method by which airflow is created in the vocal tract. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). ![]()
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